List of abstracts
Application of layout optimization methods in engineering analysis and design – M. Gilbert
Microstructure of ferroelectric ceramics: simulation meets experiment – D. M. Kochman
Sensitivity analysis based computational modeling – J. Korelc
EUCLID: Efficient Unsupervised Constitutive Law Identification and Discovery – L. De Lorenzis
Overall microstructure response function and its application to recovery of microstructure – D. Łydżba
On-chip fracture mechanics to explore fracture toughness of freestanding ultra-thin films from brittle to ductile, down to 2D materials – T. Pardoen
Application of a coupled DEM-CFD approach to engineering problems – J. Tejchman
Modeling and simulation tools for industrial and societal research applications: digital twins and genome-based machine-learning – T. Zohdi
Abstracts
|
|
|
|
Application of layout optimization methods in engineering analysis and design
|
|
|
Matthew Gilbert1
|
|
1Civil and Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
|
|
|
m.gilbert@sheffield.ac.uk
|
|
To verify the safety of solid bodies and structures against collapse, engineers have traditionally had to rely either
on simplistic hand type calculations, or on significantly more complex computational tools which identify the
collapse state in an indirect, iterative, manner - which can be costly in terms of computer and/or operator time.
Additionally, in many engineering disciplines the initial design stage is carried out in an ad-hoc manner, with
engineering intuition often used to identify structurally efficient designs. Direct analysis and design methods
can potentially address both these issues, and similarities between analysis and design formulations can also
potentially be exploited. Here the so-called 'layout optimization' technique is described, and then applied to
truss and grillage design problems and to engineering analysis problems involving identification of the critical
layout of discontinuities in solid bodies at the point of collapse. In each case mathematical programming tech-
niques can be used to obtain solutions and it is observed that highly accurate solutions can be obtained rapidly,
permitting new insights to be drawn in a range of application areas. Future directions in the field of layout
optimization will then be briefly considered.
|
|
|
|
|
Microstructure of ferroelectric ceramics: simulation meets experiment
|
|
|
Dennis M. Kochmann1
|
|
1Mechanics & Materials Lab, Dept. of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
|
|
|
dmk@ethz.ch
|
|
Ferroelectric ceramics are the enabling factor for most actuator and sensor technologies, owing to their piezo electric effect and its nonlinear extension, the ferroelectric effect. These materials convert electrical voltages
into mechanical deformation and, conversely, mechanical strains into electrical voltage - at small amplitudes
the relation between those fields is relatively simple and the mechanisms are reversible. At sufficiently large
applied electric fields or mechanical stresses, a complex reorganization of the atomic-scale dipole structure
results in irreversible ferroelectric switching, a process that is sensitive to loading rate and temperature. Moreover, ferroelectric ceramics possess the aforementioned properties only below their Curie temperature, above
which they become unpolar through a phase transformation.
Modeling the electro-thermo-mechanically-coupled behavior of ferroelectric ceramics is a challenge that extends across length and time scales: from atomic-level dipoles and thermal vibrations up to mesoscale polycrystals and, ultimately, macroscale devices. We combine information from several scales ('thermalizing'
DFT-informed potentials in a phase-field setting that accounts for the influence of thermal fluctuations and
uses FFT-based solvers for high resolution) with the aim to predict the effective material response and the
underlying microstructural evolution. When applied to barium titanate (BaTiO3) and lead zirconate titanate
(PZT), the model predicts realistic microstructural domain patterns and highlights the micro-mechanical response to applied electric bias fields across a wide range of temperature. Combined with in-house experiments
that probe the electro-mechanical response of ferroelectric ceramics under carefully selected loading scenarios,
we gain insight into the underlying microstructural mechanisms governing the macroscale response, we discuss
the importance of the kinetic assumptions that enter the phase-field model, and we outline a new phase-field
formulation that may provide the much needed flexibility in realizing general kinetic relations.
|
|
|
|
|
Sensitivity analysis based computational modeling
|
|
|
Jože Korelc1
|
|
1University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
|
|
|
joze.korelc@fgg.uni-lj.si
|
|
Sensitivity analysis has become an indispensable part of modern computational algorithms. Nowadays, the automation of sensitivity analysis enables efficient evaluation of sensitivities that are exact except for the round of errors. For that purpose, the use of automatic differentiation tools and techniques gained much popularity and attention in recent years. However, big differences in the numerical efficiency of the resulting simulation codes between various implementations (dual number approach, code-to-code transformation approach, forward or direct approach, backward or adjoint approach, etc.) have been revealed. The background of those differences is explained as well as the limitations of various approaches. We propose a hybrid symbolic-automatic differentiation approach with code-to-code transformation and simultaneous stochastic expression optimization implemented in AceGen (www.fgg.uni-lj.si/symech/) as one of the most efficient approaches. Yet, the true advantages of automation become apparent only if the description of the problem, the notation, and the mathematical apparatus used is changed as well. It will be shown that the unification of the classical mathematical notation of computational models and the actual computer implementation can be achieved through an extended automatic differentiation technique combined with automatic code generation and sensitivity analysis. The automatic differentiation-based form (ADB form) of a classical mathematical notation of solid and contact mechanics, multi-scale analysis, stochastic analysis, optimization, and stability analysis will be presented. While the first order sensitivity analysis is already an established tool for the improvement of numerical algorithms, (e.g., optimization) is the second order sensitivity analysis still rarely used. This is mainly due to the high numerical cost, especially in the case of time-dependent problems. The benefits and drawbacks of the second-order forward and backward sensitivity approach when applied to multi-scale modeling and stochastic analysis will be compared. The talk introduces a fully consistently linearized two-level path-following algorithm as a solution algorithm for strongly nonlinear multi-scale problems. The approach also increases the concurrency of micro problems which can significantly improve the overall speed of the execution in multi-processor and multi-core systems.
|
|
|
|
|
EUCLID: Efficient Unsupervised Constitutive Law Identification and Discovery
|
|
|
Laura De Lorenzis1
|
|
1Computational Mechanics Lab, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
|
|
|
ldelorenzis@ethz.ch
|
|
We propose a new approach for data-driven automated discovery of constitutive laws in continuum mechanics.
The approach is unsupervised, i.e., it requires no stress data but only displacement and global force data, which
can be realistically obtained from mechanical testing and digital image or volume correlation techniques; it can
deliver either interpretable models, i.e., models that are embodied by parsimonious mathematical expressions,
or black-box models encoded in artificial neural networks; it is one-shot, i.e., discovery only needs one experiment - but can use more if available. The machine learning tools enabling discovery are sparse regression
from a large model space, as well as Bayesian regression, which allows for the discovery of several constitutive laws along with their probabilities. After discussing the methodology, the talk illustrates its applications to
hyperelasticity, plasticity and viscoelasticity, using both artificial and experimental data.
|
|
|
|
|
Overall microstructure response function and its application to recovery of microstructure
|
|
|
Dariusz Łydżba1
|
|
1Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
|
|
|
dariusz.lydzba@pwr.edu.pl
|
|
The aim of the homogenization is up-scaling of mathematical description of the process under consideration,
from the scale of heterogeneities to the scale of engineering applications. For the linear problems, the micro-
and the macro- descriptions are analogous in the mathematical form, except material properties involved in
both descriptions. The material properties of the micro-description are space dependent whereas that of the
macro-description, called as overall ones, are constant since they characterize macroscopically homogeneous
medium.
Two mathematical problems are called inverse to each other if the formulation of the first problem contains the
solution of the second problem and vice versa. The evaluation of overall properties in terms of the phase properties and the microstructure morphology can therefore be interpreted as the direct problem of homogenization
since it consists of projections from the known microstructure morphology. The recovery of the microstructure
morphology using values of the overall material constants is therefore the inverse problem of homogenization.
The inverse problem, in general, has no unique solution. In order to ensure the existence and uniqueness of the
solution the problem has to be supplemented by a definite set of appropriately chosen overall material constants
values as well as one has to postulate the particulate type of microstructure morphology. The set of overall
material constants values may also be considered as a projection of material constants of composite components
onto the space of admissible values of overall material constant; it can be also interpreted as a macroscopic
manifestation of the medium microstructure and is hereinafter referred to as the overall microstructure response
function.
Two type of microstructure morphology are postulated to solve the inverse problem, i.e. randomly oriented
spheroidal inhomogeneities of certain distribution of the aspect ratios embedded in the matrix and a binary
mixture. In this context the recovered microstructure has to be interpreted as an equivalent or replacement one
since it does reproduce the overall microstructure response function but not necessary the original microstructure morphology.
For the microstructure morphology of randomly oriented spheroidal inhomogeneities, the inverse problem is
formulated as a linear Fredholm equation or the system of linear Fredholm equations of the first kind, depending on the problem studied, i.e. heat conduction or elasticity problem, respectively. For a binary representation
of 'replacement' microstructure, being a two-phase statistically isotropic medium, the computational micromechanics framework is used. The latter represents any microstructure morphology that can be obtained using the
representation of a two-dimensional digital image composed of n x n pixels. For this case the considerations
are limited to the problem of heat conduction in a two-phase medium. Simulated annealing algorithm is used
to solve the inverse problem. The correctness and effectiveness of the methodology proposed is illustrated by a
sequence of numerical examples.
|
|
|
|
|
On-chip fracture mechanics to explore fracture toughness of freestanding ultra-thin films from brittle to ductile, down to 2D materials
|
|
|
Thomas Pardoen1, Sahar Jaddi1, Malik M. Wasil2, Bin Wang2,3, Michael Coulombier1, Jean-Pierre Raskin2
|
|
1Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, Belgium
2Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics, UCLouvain, Belgium
3School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, China
|
|
|
thomas.pardoen@uclouvain.be
|
|
The characterization, control, and enhancement of the cracking resistance of thin films and 2D materials are
major concerns for the development of fail safe flexible electronics, MEMS/NEMS devices, and structural or
functional coatings. In particular, environmentally-assisted cracking phenomena affect the reliability of many
thin films/2D materials-based systems. Existing approaches mostly address the cracking of films while resting
on a substrate, which simplifies the testing but makes the extraction of 'intrinsic' properties more difficult often
requiring advanced non-linear models. The most attractive approach is thus to work with freestanding films,
but the challenges are numerous due to the small sizes.
In this context, we developed a new on-chip technique to extract the static fracture toughness and to study
environmentally-assisted crack growth in freestanding thin films, 2D materials, as well as thin multilayers.
The method relies on a residual-stress-based-on-chip concept taking advantage of MEMS-based fabrication
principles [1]. The working principles rely on internal stress actuation and on a crack arrest measurements to
avoid the problem of pre-cracking. A data reduction scheme based on finite element simulations of the test
structures is used to determine the fracture toughness. The method also provides the variation of the crack
growth rate as a function of the stress intensity factor under different temperature conditions and humidity
levels.
Several materials were tested over the last few years varying from nominally brittle like SiN, SiO2, Al2O3 to
ductile such as Cu, Ni and Al/Al2O3 multilayers, revealing several interesting effects that will be presented,
e.g. [1,2]. 2D materials like graphene (Gr) and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) were also successfully studied
providing probably the first rigorous fracture mechanics statistically representative data on these materials.
References
[1] S. Jaddi, M. Coulombier, J.P. Raskin, T. Pardoen. Crack on a chip test method for thin freestanding films. J. Mech.
Phys. Solids, 123, 267-291, 2019.
[2] S. Jaddi, J.P. Raskin, T. Pardoen. On-chip environmentally assisted cracking in thin freestanding SiO2 films. J. Mater.
Res., 36, 2479-2494, 2021.
|
|
|
|
|
Application of a coupled DEM-CFD approach to engineering problems
|
|
|
Jacek Tejchman1
|
|
1Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland
|
|
|
jacek.tejchman@pg.edu.pl
|
|
The paper deals with the application of a fully coupled DEM/CFD approach (discrete element method combined
with computational fluid dynamics) for investigating some different combined mechanical-hydraulic-thermal
problems at the meso-scale in frictional-cohesive materials (rocks, granulates and concrete). As compared
with usual continuum mechanics methodologies in most existing numerical studies, discontinuous meso-scale
models at the grain level (such as the discrete element method (DEM)) are more realistic since they allow for a
direct simulation of meso-structure and are thus useful for studies the mechanism of the initiation, growth and
formation of cracks and shear zones at the meso-level. DEM allows for a better understanding of local meso-
structural phenomena that evidently affect global material behaviour [1]. We used DEM which takes advantage
of the so-called soft-particle approach [1-3]. A linear contact under compression was assumed. Normal and
tangential contact forces satisfied the cohesive-frictional Mohr-Coulomb condition. CFD was used to describe
the laminar viscous two-phase liquid/gas flow in pores between discrete elements by employing channels.
Innovative elements of our approach with respect to other existing DEM/CFD models in the literature are the
following [2,3]: 1) co-existence of two domains (a discrete and continuous one) in one physical system (the
sum of domain geometries creates a complete physical system), 2) precise determination of the geometry and
topology change of voids and fractures, 3) remeshing method of voids and fractures, 4) transformation schema
of computation results from the old grid (before remeshing) to the new grid (after remeshing) and 5) detailed
tracking of the fluid volume fraction in voids and fractures (material voids can be fully or partially filled with
the fluid). Every single pore is discretized by a number of elements. Thus, the pressure field in a single pore is
spatially variable while in existing DEM/CFD models, the pressure field in a single pore is constant. The flow
path may be reproduced in a single pore in contrast to existing DEM/CFD models. In addition, huge pressure
gradients in a single pore are captured while in existing DEM/CFD models the pressure gradient in a single
pore is equal to zero. Two phases were considered in fluid flow: liquid phase and gas phase. Some engineering
coupled DEM/CFD problems were discussed such as e.g. hydraulic fracturing in rocks [2-4] and capillary
pressure-driven water flow in concretes [5].
References
[1] M. Nitka and J. Tejchman. A three-dimensional meso scale approach to concrete fracture based on combined DEM
with X-ray μCT images, Cement and Concrete Research, 107, 11-29, 2018.
[2] M. Krzaczek, M. Nitka, J. Kozicki and J. Tejchman. Simulations of hydro-fracking in rock mass at meso-scale using
fully coupled DEM/CFD approach. Acta Geotechnica, 15, 297-324, 2020.
[3] M. Krzaczek, M. Nitka, and J. Tejchman. Effect of gas content in macro-pores on hydraulic fracturing in rocks using
a fully coupled DEM/CFD approach. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech, 45, 234-264, 2021.
[4] R. Abdi, M. Krzaczek and J. Tejchman. Comparative study of high-pressure fluid flow in densely packed granules
using a 3D CFD model in a continuous medium and a simplified 2D DEM-CFD approach. Granular Matter, 2021,
doi: 10.1007/s10035-021-01179-2.
[5] M. Krzaczek, M. Nitka and J. Tejchman. Investigations of capillary pressure driven water flow in concrete using
coupled DEM/CFD approach. Proc. of Int. Conf. on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures,
FRaMCoS-X, Bayonne, France, 2019.
|
|
|
|
|
Modeling and simulation tools for industrial and societal research applications: digital twins and genome-based machine-learning
|
|
|
Tarek Zohdi1
|
|
1University of California, Berkeley, USA
|
|
|
zohdi@berkeley.edu
|
|
A variety of seemingly disparate physical processes can be treated with similar modeling and simulations tools.
In this talk, I discuss the modeling and rapid digital-twin simulation of. The outline of this presentation is:
Part 1: modeling of robotic machine-learning for advanced manufacturing
Part 2: modeling of laser and optical processing of materials
Part 3: modeling of multiphysical solid processing and continuum behavior
Part 4: modeling of ignition, fire propagation and ember flow
Part 5: modeling of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles for complex tasks
Part 6: modeling of industrial safety: pandemics, transmission, decontamination,
as well as aspects of genomic/evolutionary computing for system optimization, utilizing multiphysics
paradigms. The tools range from discrete element methods, computational optics, voxel-based computation
to agent-based modeling-all connected together via machine-learning algorithms. For more information see
https://cmmrl.berkeley.edu/zohdi-publications/ and http://www.me.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/tarek-i-zohdi.
|
